(1.) In which year the first war of Indian independence was fought?
Answer: In 1857 the first war of Indian independence was fought.
(2.) Why were farmers the immediate victims of the British rule?
Answer: Due to the land revenue system of British affected farmers and the tax policy was implemented with intention to maximize the income of Britisher. Land revenue system implemented in many regions. In Bengal, Bihar and Orissa regions it is known as Permanent land revenue settlement, in South Indian regions Ryotwari system was there and in North West regions Mahalwari system was implemented.
(3.) What were the features of permanent land revenue settlement?
Answer: Permanent land revenue settlement having following features
i) Zamindars were collecting tax.
ii) Zamindar was having authority over the entire land under his jurisdiction to collect tax.
iii) The actual farmer was becoming a tenant when the Zamindar became a land owner.
iv) Farmers were paying 60% of the yield as tax to Zamindar.
v) Farmers had to pay the tax without any excuse of weather condition or poor yield.
vi) Before introducing a new system of tax the tax was allowed to be paid in any form but after the new system was implemented the tax was collected only in the form of cash. Before cut off date.
(4.) Who introduced the land revenue system?
Answer: British Governor General Lord Convalis introduced a land revenue system.
(5.) How land revenue policies affected agriculture?
Answer: The farmers were unable to pay tax in the form of money before the deadline so most of the time they were taking loans from moneylenders at a high rate of interest. This load has been taken by mortgaging agricultural land and the farmers who could not pay back their loan were seized by money lenders and farmers were losing their land.
(6.) What is Commercialization of agriculture?
Answer: Farmers were cultivating crops to meet the needs of families. When British started ruling they forced farmers to cultivate crops according to market needs. As a result of that the commercial crops have been cultivated largely. This change in agriculture is known as commercialization of agriculture. Another reason for commercialization of agriculture was the tax and load which is taken to pay tax, to repay loan farmers needed money so they turned towards commercial crops.
(7.) Write region wise commercial crops.
Answer: Following commercial crops has been cultivated in different regions
i) Indigo – Bengal, Bihar
ii) Cotton – Maharashtra, Punjab
iii) Sugar cane – Uttar Pradesh
iv) Tea – Assam, Kerala
v) Jute – Bengal
vi) Wheat – Punjab
(8.) Why did farmers revolt against Indigo cultivation?
Answer: Indigo being used for dying and no artificial colours were in use that time. When the industrial revolution started in the 18th century in England the textile industry was also booming this increased the demand of Indigo. To fulfil this demand British industrialist gave a good amount to farmers to cultivate Indigo. Farmers took that advance and planted Indigo. When the farmer took advance to plant Indigo he had to plant it on a fertile portion of land and once advance was taken then no way to deny the cultivation. After some time the artificial colour was invented and Indigo prices crashed and with the interference of the British agents farmers received less price for the Indigo crop. This condition put farmers into trouble; they had produced the product which was having no market. In 1859, farmers in Bengal organized and declared that they are not cultivating Indigo anymore. Farmers attacked Indigo factories with different weapons like swords and spears, bows and arrows. Women and educated people of Calcutta supported this revolt. This revolt shook the British government and the British government immediately appointed a commission to study the problems of the Indigo farmers. According to the commission the Indigo farming was economically not beneficial and proposed to stop it.
(9.) Why did peasants in Kerala revolt?
Answer: British policies were ruining traditional handicrafts and the ownership of land is changing to landlord, landlords were auctioning off land. Lots of peasants borrowed money from moneylenders to pay taxes so they were in debts. This situation caused peasant movement. Muslims in Malabar are known as Mappilas and these tenants were Muslims. This movement is known as Mappila Rebellions. There were 22 peasant revolts in Malabar.
To suppress this revolt British formed a special armed police battalion known as Malabar Special Police (MSP). British government appointed William Logan Commission to study the frequent revolts. William Logan Commission came up with the cause of the issue was the unjust land revenue system of the British government.
(9.) Which tribe resisted against Britishers in 1855?
Answer: Santhal tribe resisted Britisher in 1855.
(10.) Why did the Santhal tribes resist the Britisher?
Answer: The Santhal tribe was surviving on forest produce and they were having their own livelihood system based on different seasons. Tribe was rearing cattle, shifting cultivation and hunting and all of these were means of their livelihood. Britishers imposed the Forest Act and the life of tribal people is totally disturbed. This is the reason that the tribes resisted Britishers. Britishers also harmed forests by cutting trees to lay railway lines and to build ships. Britishers charged heavy tax for forest products collected by tribes. This kind of situation makes the tribe fight against Britishers.
(11.) Who were tribal communities of Wayanad.
Answer: The Kurichya and Kurumba were tribal communities of Wayanad.
(12.) What were the reasons for the Kurichya Revolt?
Answer: Due to following reasons tribal revolted against British
i) Imposing high tax by Britisher on tribals.
ii) It was mandatory to pay tax in cash.
iii) Agriculture land is seized if tax is not paid.
(13.) Who was the leader of the Kurichya revolt?
Answer: Rama Nambi was the leader of Kurichya revolt.
(14.) Name tribal revolts from different parts of India.
Answer: Pahariya Rebellion, Bhil Rebellion, Kol Rebellion, Munda Rebellion, Khasi Rebellion are some of the revolts in India.
(15.) What were the reasons for the fall of traditional industries?
Answer: The British policies destroyed handicrafts in India, some of the main reasons of that were
i) British imported technology for textile and India textile industry came into danger.
ii) After the railway it was possible to reach more towns and villages to collect cotton and export it to England.
iii) The taxes on export of Indian textile were increased which resulted in losing British Market.
iv) The weavers were forced to work on low wages and sell products to British at a cheaper rate so weavers also got exploited and stopped working and found other jobs.
(15.) Where has the prompt response of the declining textile industry been seen?
Answer: The prompt response of the declining textile industry has been seen in urban areas.
(16.) Name village industries and the reason for declining.
Answer: In villages there were small industries like pottery, tanning, carpentry etc. When Britisher started to import aluminium vessels the Pooter from the village faced market issues and lost their livelihood. Tanning was also a livelihood in villages which diminished due to exportation of leather to European countries. People started using metal imported from Europe and Carpentry skills vanished.
(17.) How British industrialists exploited Indian labourers?
Answer: British industrialists established modern industries in India and the labourers working in these industries were Indian. These Indian labourers were exploited by British industrialists.
i) Industrialists make the labourers work for prolonged hours.
ii) The wages labourers getting was very less.
iii) The labourers were accommodated in very unhealthy places.
(18.) When the First war of Indian independence began?
Answer: The First war of Indian independence began on 11th May 1857.
(19.) How the First war of Indian independence began?
Answer: Indian soldiers working for British were unhappy because of poor salary and abuse by the British officers. Another rumour was that the cartridge of new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Cows are holy for Hindus and pigs are forbidden for Muslims and British soldiers consisting Hindu and Muslim both so they refused to use this new cartridge. For not using new cartridges, soldiers were punished by the officers. In Barrackpore in Bengal an Indian soldier named Mangal Pandey shot at a British officer for forcing him to use a new cartridge. British arrested him and hanged to death. And this is how the first war of Indian independence started
(20.) How the revolt of 1857 spreaded?
Answer: The British government also had a negative impact on the kings. Furthermore As for Lapses theory, local kings are to be blamed for the inefficient rule of British. The rules were ineffective and the British adhered to them. It did Kings led by rebels With kings and soldiers People also participated in the uprising. The British and lenders were attacking and moving Their books, works and stories Basic business data The sign of this uprising was launched. The participation of ordinary people is expensive. Farmers and artisans from one and a half Millions of people revolted in Awadh.
(21.) What was the strength of the revolt of 1857?
Answer: The real strength of the revolt of 1857 was the Hindu-Muslim unity, co-operation among the soldiers, common people and the local leaders.
(22.) What was the effect of the revolt of 1857?
Answer: The rebels were unable to overcome Britain’s increased military power and completely suppressed the uprising. Although the uprising failed, it was considered the most important of India’s enormous resistance to Britain. This caused many changes in British politics and government. The British Parliament replaced India with a British East India Company. However, the economic exploitation of Britain peaked after 1857.
(23.) When the Indian national Congress was formed?
Answer: The Indian national Congress was formed in December 1885.
(24.) What is ‘Drain Theory’?
Answer: Dadabhai Naoroji studied facts of Indian economy under the British Rule and he found that the wealth of India is draining to England and that is the main cause of poverty and starvation in India. This theory of Dadabhai Nauroji is known as the Drain Theory.
(25.) How Indian wealth flowing to England?
Answer: The wealth was flowing to England through following menas
i) With the export of Indian raw materials.
ii) Salary and pension is being paid to the British officers worked in India.
iii) British products sold in India the profit was earned by Britisher.
iv) Tax from India.
(26.) What is the Swadeshi movement?
Answer: To control the economy, the early capitalists urged the people to reject foreign products and strengthen Indian industry by consuming Indian products. The main objective for the reform of the Bengal war in 1905 was the adoption of foreign products and the sale of citizens. As part of the riot, foreign goods were collected and burned to the public. The use of land products by the removal of foreign goods has been restored in Indian factories. As a result, there are many sewing machines, laundry equipment, soccer facilities, national banks and insurance companies. It was during the Swadeshi Movement, at the Bengal Chemical Chemistry Shop in Bengal, and the Tata Iron and Steel Factory in Maharashtra and the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company in Tamil Nadu. British and Indian imports are now declining.
(27.) Who participated in the Swadeshi Movement?
Answer: Involving women, staff and students is another exciting part of this group. The washerman has shown that they will not wash foreign clothes. The priests promised not to use foreign rituals and prayers. A woman boycotted foreign jewellery. Students leave this school to take part in the march.
(28.) Which leaders are known as Lal-Bal-Pal?
Answer: Lala Lajpat Ray, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal are known as Lal-BalPal.
(29.) Who Proclaimed, “Freedom is my birth right. I shall have it”?
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak proclaimed “Freedom is my birth right. I shall have it”.
