Important Questions Chapter 8 Resource Wealth of India

 Answer the following. Score 1 each

A. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Which of the following is a Kharif crop?
Wheat
Pulses
Maize
Answer:
Maize

Question 2.
Which of the following is a millet?
Barley
Ragi
Jute
Answer:
Ragi

Question 3.
Two-third of the total coffee production in India is from
Kerala
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Answer:
Karnataka

Question 4.
A non-metallic mineral
Coal
Bouxite
Silver
Answer:
Coal

Question 5.
The largest agro-based industry in India.
Cotton textile industry
Jute industry
Sugar industry
Answer:
Cotton textile industry

Question 6.
The leading producer of sugarcane in India.
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Punjab
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh

Question 7.
The crop that is mainly cultivated in the Deccan Plateau region.
Jute
Cotton
Wheat
Answer:
Cotton

Question 8.
An example for a beverage crop.
Coffee
Rubber
Cardamom
Answer:
Coffee

Question 9.
Which of the following is a metallic mineral?
Coal
Gypsum
Manganese
Answer:
Manganese

Question 10.
A non-ferrous metallic mineral.
Silver
Chromite
Mica
Answer:
Silver

Question 11.
The ore of aluminium.
Pyrite
Bauxite
Mica
Answer:
Bauxite

Question 12.
The National Waterway passing through the inland waterway in Kerala.
NW 1
NW 2
NW 3
Answer:
NW 3

Question 13.
The most suitable means of transport for international trade
Air transport
Rail transport
Water transport
Road transport
Answer:
Water transport

Question 14.
The largest coalfield in India.
Digboi in Assam
Mumbai High in Maharashtra
Jhar in Odisha
Jharia in Jharkhand
Answer:
Jharia in Jharkhand

Question 15.
In which state is Narora Nuclear Power Plant located?
Gujarat
Karnataka
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh

Question 16.
Which of the following is non-metallic mineral?
Iron ore
Mica
Manganese
Bauxite
Answer:
Mica

Question 17.
Laterite soil which is generally not suitable for other crops is good for the cultivation of
Sugarcane
Coffee
Rubber
Jute
Answer:
Rubber

Question 18.
Which of the following is a rabi crop?
Pulses
Cotton
Jute
Maize
Answer:
Pulses

Question 19.
The foreign country that assisted India’s iron and steel industrial firm in Bhilai.
Russia
Germany
England
USA
Ans:
Russia

Question 20.
The places in Tamil Nadu where nuclear power stations are established.
Answer:
Kalpakkam
Koodamkulam

Question 21.
Which places are linked by National Waterway III?
Answer:
Kollam – Kottappuram

Question 22.
Which places are linked by National Waterway 2?
Answer:
Sadia to Dubai

Question 23.
Name the six-lane superhighways connecting the four metropolitan cities Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.
Answer:
The Golden’Quadrangle Super Highway

Question 24.
Which is the largest agro based industry in India?
Answer:
Cotton textile industry

Question 25.
Which state in India is the largest producer of rubber?
Answer:
Kerala

Question 26.
Name the largest coalfield in India.
Answer:
Jharia in Jharkhand

Question 27.
Name the first iron and steel plant established in South India.
Answer:
Visweswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd.

Question 28.
The Ganga – Brahmaputra delta region in West Bengal is known for
Tea plantation
Wheat cultivation
Cotton cultivation
Jute cultivation.
Answer:
Jute cultivation

Question 29.
Rourkela steel plant is established in collaboration with
Russia
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Answer:
Germany

Question 30.
The two Iron and Steel Plants established with the collaboration of Russia:
Answer:

1. Hindustan Steel Limited, Bhilai
2. Hindustan Steel Limited, Bokaro

Question 31.
The most important cotton textile centre in India.
Answer:
Mumbai

Question 32.
The state leading in the production of coffee in India.
Answer:
Karnataka

Question 33.
The Indian state leading in the production of both sugarcane and cane sugar.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh

B. Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Where did petroleum mining first start in India?
Answer:
Digboi in Assam

Question 2.
The largest oil field in India.
Answer:
Mumbai High in Maharashtra

Question 3.
Which are the petroleum-producing states of India?
Answer:
Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra

Question 4.
Which mineral is the less energy efficient coal? Where is it found in India?
Answer:

• Lignite
• Neyveli in Tamil Nadu

Question 5.
Which type is most of the coal found in India?
Answer:
Bituminous

Question 6.
Which are the nuclear power stations in the following states?

• Maharashtra
• Karnataka

Answer:

• Tarapur in Maharashtra
• Kaiga in Karnataka

Question 7.
Which is the largest public sector undertaking in India?
Answer:
The Indian Railway

Question 8.
Which was the first rail route in India?
Answer:
The 34 km long rail between Mumbai and Thane, started in 1853.

Question 9.
Which are the places linked by National WaterM’ay 4?
Answer:
Canal from Kakinada to Puducherry linking Godavari and Krishna (1095 km).

Question 10.
Which are the Corporations that handle international and domestic flights in India?
Answer:

• Air India – International flights
• Indian Airlines – Domestic flights

Question 11.
Which are the iron and steel plants started in 1959 and 1964 with Russian collaboration?
Answer:

• 1959 – Bhilai Steel Plant (Hindustan Steel Limited)
• 1964 – Bokaro Steel Plant (Hindustan Steel Limited)

Question 12.
In which states are the following iron ore mines located?

• Singhbhum
• Sundargarh

Answer:

• Singhbhum – Jharkhand
• Sundargarh – Odisha

Question 13.
Which is the largest private-sector iron and steel plant in India? In which state is it located?
Answer:

• Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)
• Jamshedpur in Jharkhand state.

Question 14.
Why is cotton known as ‘universal fibre’?
Answer:
Cotton is used worldwide in the textile sector.

Question 15.
To which agricultural crops are the following terms related?

• Arabica
• Sucrose

Answer:

• Arabica – High-quality coffee seed produced in India.
• Sucrose – The juice extracted from sugarcane.

Question 16.
What are cash crops?
Answer:
Cash crops are those having industrial and commercial significance.

Question 17.
Write the climate suitable for Kharif crops.
Answer:

• High temperature
• High rainfall
• Cultivation is started by the beginning of monsoon and harvested by the end of monsoon.

Question 18.
Which are the most suitable soils for the cultivation of rice and wheat?
Answer:

• Rice: Alluvial soil
• Wheat: Well-drained alluvial soil

Question 19.
Plantation of spices are concentrated mostly to the ranges of Western Ghats. Why?
Answer:
Favourable factors of the ranges like well-drained forest soil or sandy soil and the tropical climate with large amount of rainfall.

Question 20.
Which is the fibre for jute industry? Where in India is it cultivated mainly?
Answer:

• Jute
• Jute is mainly cultivated in the Ganga Brahmaputra delta in West Bengal.

Question 21.
Copper is used in electrical goods industry. Why?
Answer:
Copper is a good conductor of electricity.

Question 22.
What is the advantage of railways?
Answer:
Rail transport is equally important for cargo as well as passenger transport.

Answer the following. Score 2 each

Question 1.
Which is the cropping season in which sowing period is in June and harvesting period is in early November? Write examples.
Answer:

• Kharif season
• Rice, cotton

Question 2.
What is rabi season?
Answer:
The cropping season in which the cultivation is started by the beginning of winter and harvested by the beginning of summer.

Question 3.
Which are the soils ideal for cotton cultivation?
Answer:

• Black soil of Deccan plateau.
• Alluvial soil ofNorth Indian Plain.

Question 4.
What are the raw materials for iron and steel industry?
Answer:

• Iron ore
• Manganese
• Dolomite
• Coal
• Limestone

Question 5.
What are the favourable geographical factors for the cultivation of diverse agricultural crops in India?
Answer:

• Suitable agricultural climate for different crops.
• Diverse topography.
• Fertility of soil.
• Availability of water.

Question 6.
What is Kharif season? Give example.
Answer:
The agricultural season in which the cultivation is started by the beginning of monsoon in June and harvested by the end of monsoon in early November. Eg. Rice, Maize.

Question 7.
Distinguish between metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.
Answer:

• Minerals with metallic content are called metallic minerals. Eg. Iron ore.
• Minerals without metallic content are called non metallic minerals. Eg. Mica.

Question 8.
Which are the four types of iron ore found in India?
Answer:

1. Magnetite
2. Haematite
3. Limonite
4. Siderite

Question 9.
What are the advantages of water transport compared to road and railways?
Answer:

• The cheapest means of transport.
• Suitable for large scale cargo transport.
• Most suited for international trade.
• Does not cause environmental pollution.

Question 10.
What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
Answer:

• Three-fourths of Indian population depend on agriculture.
• Agriculture is the source of raw materials for many industries.
• It makes the food basket richer.

Question 11.
Classify the following minerals as metallic and non-metallic.
Copper, Coal, Manganese, Mica
Answer:

Metallic minerals	Non metallic minerals
Copper Manganese	Coal Mica

Question 12.
How are the roads of India classified?
Answer:

• National Highways
• State Highways
• District Roads
• Village Roads

Question 13.
What are the conclusions to be drawn on the analysis of the location of the agro-based industries in relation to agricultural regions?
Answer:
All the agro-based industries of India are located near to places where the raw materials for them are cultivated. This enables to get raw materials cheaply and in plenty. For eg: Mumbai and Ahmedabad, the centres of cotton textile industry’ in India are located near to places where cotton is cultivated on a large scale.

Question 14.
Rail and road transports are not developed in north-east states of India and in the . regions lying close to the Himalayas. Why?
Idukki and Wayanad districts in Kerala have no railway lines. Why?
Answer:
The construction of road and railway network is difficult in mountainous regions, hilly areas, valleys and slopes: The above said regions belong to such places.

Question 15.
Which are the by-products obtained from petroleum?
Answer:

• Chemical fertilizers
• Artificial rubber
• Artificial fibre
• Vaseline

Question 16.
Write the names of the nuclear power plants in the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Answer:

• Rajasthan – Rawatbhata
• Gujarat – Kakrapaara

Question 17.
Where are the plantation of spices concentrated in Kerala? Why?
Answer:

• Plantations of spices are concentrated mostly to the ranges of the Western Ghats.
• The reasons are the well drained forest soil or sandy soil and the tropical climate with large amount of rainfall.

Question 18.
Choose the correct order related to the National waterways in India.

A	B
I. National Waterway 1	Allahabad to Haldia
II. National Waterway 2	Kakinada to Puducherry
III National Waterway 3	Sadia to Dubai
IV. National Waterway 5	Brahmani- Mahanadi river system

Hints:
A. I and II are correct
B. I and III are correct
C. I and IV are correct
D. II and III are correct
Answer:
C. I and IV are correct.

Question 19.
Choose the cash crops from the list given below. Justify your answer.
Rice
Cotton
Wheat
Millets
Answer:
Cotton
Cotton has industrial and commercial significance. It is used widely in textile sector.

Question 20.
The given term is about a major crop in India. Identify the crop and write the states that produce this crop.
Arabica
Answer:
The term Arabica is related to coffee. It is the high quality coffee seed that India pro¬duces which has great demand in the international market.

The states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu produce coffee.

Question 21.
Copper and mica are used in electrical goods. industry. What feature of these minerals is the reason for this?
Answer:

• Copper – Conductor
• Mica – Insulator

Question 22.
Choose the correct pair.

A	B
a. Jharia	i. Petroleum
b. Neyveli	ii. Iron ore
c. Sundargarh	iii. Coal
d. Mumbai High	iv. Lignite

I. a. iii, b. iv, e. ii, d. i
II. a. i, b. ii, e. iii, d. iv
III. a. ii b. iii, c.i, d. iv
IV. a. iv, b. i, c. Hi, d. ii
Answer:
I. a. iii, b. iv, c. ii, d. i

Question 23.
Distinguish between Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons.
Answer:

• In Kharif season, the sowing period is on the onset of moon and harvesting period is in the end of monsoon.
• In Rabi season, the sowing period is in the beginning of winter and harvesting period is in the beginning of summer.

Question 24.
In the production of petroleum, Digboi and Mumbai High are significant in different ways. How?
Answer:

• Petroleum mining started first in Digboi in Assam.
• Mumbai High is the largest oil field in India.

Question 25.
Which soil is suitable for the jute cultivation? Which is the major jute producing region?
Answer:

• Well drained alluvial soil.
• Ganga – Brahmaputra Delta in West Bengal.

Answer the following. Score 3 each

Question 1.
Write the geographical conditions for the cultivation of sugarcane. What is the significance of this crop?
Answer:
Sugarcane, which is a tropical crop requires hot and humid climate for growth. Black soil and alluvial soil are ideal.
Sugarcane is the raw material for sugar industry.

Question 2.
What are the geographical conditions for the cultivation of rice? ‘
Answer:

• Temperature: High temperature above 24°C.
• Rainfall: Annual rainfall above 150 cm.
• Soil: Alluvial soil.

Question 3.
Write the geographical conditions for the cultivation of wheat. Wheat cultivation in India is mainly dependent on irrigation. Why?
Answer:

• Wheat is a temperate crop.
• Temperature and rainfall: A temperature of 10°C to 26°C and an annual rainfall of 75 cm are needed.
• Soil: Well-drained alluvial soil is suitable.
• It is because wheat is a winter crop.

Question 4.
Which food crop is cultivated in both summer and winter in India? Write the geographical conditions for its cultivation.
Answer:

• Maize is cultivated in both winter and summer.
• 75 cm of average rainfall.
• Well-drained fertile soil is ideal.

Question 5.
What are the geographical conditions for the cultivation of tea?
Answer:

• Hill slopes are suitable for cultivation.
• Temperatures varying from 25°C to 30°C and an annual rainfall of 200 cm to 250 cm are desirable.
• Well-drained soil with rich humus content.

Question 6.
Write the geographical conditions required for rubber cultivation.
Answer:

• Temperature ranging above 25°C is required.
• Annual rainfall of over 150 cm is ideal.
• Laterite soil is ideal.

Question 7.
Mumbai is the largest cotton textile manufacturing centre in India. What are the reasons for this?
Answer:

• Easy availability of abundant raw materials from neighbouring regions.
• Cheap availability of power.
• Availability of freshwater.
• Export and import facilities of Mumbai port.
• Availability Of human resources.

Question 8.
What are the factors influencing the location of industries?
Answer:

• Availability of raw materials
• Availability of energy sources
• Transport facilities
• Nearness to ports
• Availability of freshwater
• Availability of human resources

Question 9.
List the following crops as Kharif rabi and said.
Maize, mustard, fruits, vegetables, wheat, jute
Answer:

• Kharif crops: maize, jute
• Rabi crops: mustard, wheat
• Zaid crops: fruits, vegetables

Question 10.
Classify the following crops as food crops, cash crops and plantation crops.
Rubber, cotton, wheat, sugarcane, coffee, rice
Answer:

• Food crops: wheat, rice
• Cash crops: cotton, sugarcane
• Plantation crops: rubber, coffee

Question 11.
Classify the following crops as tropical crops, fibre crops and beverage crops.
Tea, sugarcane, jute, rice, coffee, cotton
Answer:

• Tropical crops: sugarcane, rice
• Fibre crops: jute, cotton
• Beverage crops: tea, coffee.

Question 12.
Which are the major nuclear minerals and where are they found? Also write the names of nuclear power plants located in South India.
Answer:

• Humid climate.
• Uranium and thorium are the major nuclear minerals. Rich reserves of uranium are found in the states of Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
• Thorium produced from ilmenite and monazite deposits are largely found in the coastal sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• Nuclear power plants in South India: Kalpakkam and Koodamkulam in Tamil Nadu. Kaiga in Karnataka.

Question 13.
Which metropolitan cities are connected by ‘Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway What is its main feature? Name the department responsible for the construction of this road.
Answer:

• Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway connects the metropolitan cities of Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai.
• This is a six-lane superhighway.
• National Highway Authority of India is responsible.

Question 14.
What is the basis for the classification of railways in India as broad gauge, metre gauge and narrow gauge? Which rail gauge has the maximum length in India? Which guage tracks are replaced and how?
Answer:

• Railways is classified based on guage width of rails.
• Broad gauge track has maximum length of about 74%.
• Metre guage and narrow guage are replaced to broad guage.

Question 15.
The following statements are related to the cropping seasons in India. Identify the crop season and write one more feature of that season.
i. Rice is the main crop
ii. Wheat is the main crop
iii. Fruits are the main crop
Answer:
i. Kharif season : Sowing period is on the onset of mansoon and harvesting period is at the end of mansoon.
ii. Rabi season: Sowing period is at the beginning of winter and harvesting period is at the beginning of summer.
iii. Zaid season: Sowing period is at the beginning of summer and harvesting is at the beginning of monsoon.

Question 16.
India stands second in the world in jute production.
a. What are the geographical factors for the cultivation of jute?
b. Which is the major jute producing region in India?
c. Jute products have high demand in international market. Why?
Answer:
a. Hot and humid conditions are ideal for jute cultivation. High temperature and rainfall above 150 cm are essential for jute cultivation. Well drained alluvial soil is required.
b. The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region of West Bengal is the major jute producing region.
c. Due to low cost.

Question 17.
Which crop is known as ‘Universal fibre’? What are the geographical conditions for its cultivation? What is the significance of this crop to India?
Answer:
Cotton is known as universal fibre because it is used world wide in the textile sector.
i. Frost-free growing season.
ii 20° C to 30°C temperature.
iii Small amount of annual rainfall.
iv. Black soil and alluvial soil are most suitable.
Cotton is the raw material for textile industry.  Cotton textile industry is the largest agro-based industry in India.

Question 18.
Answer the questions based on minerals in India.
a. Where are most of the mineral resources of India found?
b. Shimoga in Karnataka, Singhbhum in Jharkhand and Mayurbhanj in Odisha are the mining centers of a major metallic mineral. Which is that metallic mineral?
c. Manganese is a metallic mineral largely used in the iron and steel industry. Write another use of manganese.
Answer:
a. Most of the mineral resources of India are found in the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Peninsular plateau.
b. Iron ore.
c. Manganese is also used Jo make ferroalloys.

Question 19.
Answer the questions related to the iron and steel industries in India. Which is the largest private sector iron and steel plant in India? Where is it located?
ii. Which is the iron and steel plant established in collaboration with Britain in 1962? Where is it located?
iii. What is the main feature of Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Plant?
Answer:
i. Tata Iron and Steel Company, Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.
ii. Durgapur Steel Plant (Hindustan Steel Limited) in West Bengal.
iii. First Iron and Steel Plant in South India.

Question 20.
What is the significance of non-conventional sources of energy in the modern period? Which are the non-conventional energy sources in India?
Answer:

• Non-conventional energy sources are cheap, renewable and environment friendly.
• Solar energy, wind energy, wave energy, biogas.

Question 21.
Reforms have been implemented from time to time in Indian railways which is important for cargo as well as passenger transport. Write any three such reforms.
Answer:

• Meter guage and narrow guage tracks are replaced as broad guage.
• The steam engines have given way to diesel and electric locomotives.
• Metro rail projects are being established iii major cities.

Question 22.
The presence of mineral resources has made some regions industrial centre. Substantiate this statement based on any three iron and steel industrial centre of India.
Answer:

1. Bokaro Steel Plant, Jharkhand: The factors responsible for this industrial centre are iron ore and manganese from Singhbhum and coal from sharia.
2. Rourkela Steel Plant, Odisha: The factors are iron ore and manganese from Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj.
3. Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Ltd., Bhadravathi, Karnataka: The factors are iron ore and manganese deposits from Bellary, Chikmagalur and Shimoga in Karnataka.

Question 23.
Which are the regions in India where inland water transport is largely used?
Answer:

• Ganga – Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries.
• Godavari-Krishna rivers and their tributaries.
• Buckingham Canal of Andhra – Tamil Nadu region.

Question 24.
Complete the table as column A should indicate different types of minerals and column B their examples.

A	B
Ferrous metals	a. ……………………………..
b. ……………………………..	Silver
c. ……………………………..	Petroleum

Answer:
a. Iron ore
b. Non – ferrous metals
c. Mineral fuels

Question 25.
Conventional energy sources are getting exhausted, Suggest suitable remedies indicating their relative advantages.
Answer:
Advantages

• The use of non-conventional sources of energy is the remedy.
• The sources of non-conventional energy are solar energy, wind energy, wave energy, tidal energy and biogas.
• Non-conventional energy sources are renewable.
• They are environment friendly.
• They are cheap.

Question 26.
Write a note in the possibilities of nuclear energy in India.
Answer:
Nuclear energy in India
Nuclear minerals: Uranium and thorium are the major nuclear minerals.
Mines: There are .rich reserves of uranium in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Thorium is produced from ilmenite and monazite deposits largely found in the coastal sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Nuclear power stations in India are :

• Tarapur, Maharashtra
• Kawabata, Rajasthan
• Kalpakkam and Koodamkulam, Tamil Nadu
• Kaiga, Karnataka
• Kakrapra, Gujarat
• Narora, Utter Pradesh

Question 27.
Elucidate the construction and management of State Highways, District Roads and village Roads.
Answer:
State Highways: State Highways are the major roads connecting the state capitals with the district headquarters. State governments are responsible for the construction and maintenance of such roads.

District Roads: District roads are those linking the district headquarters with the important places within the district. These roads are built and maintained by the district Panchayats.

Village Roads: Village roads are those ensuring the domestic movement within the villages. More than 80% of the roads in India are village roads. The construction and maintenance of such roads are done by the local self governments.

Question 28.
What is the significance of non – conventional sources of energy in the modern world? Suggest any two non – conventional sources of energy that can be used in Kerala.
Answer:

• Non – conventional sources of energy are
• Cheap
• Renewable ‘
• Environment friendly
• Non – conventional sources of energy that can be used in Kerala are solar energy, waves – tidal energy, wind energy and organic gases.

Question 29.
What are conventional source of energy? Their use is restricted. Why?
Answer:

• The mineral resources such as coal, petroleum, etc. are being harnessed for energy requirement since ages. Hence such energy sources are called conventional sources.
• The use of conventional energy sources are restricted due to the following.
• These are not renewable.
• These are getting exhausted.
• The burning of these fuels creates large scale environmental pollution.

Answer the following. Score 4 each

• Question 1.
  The map gives the distribution of the cultivation of a major crop in India.
  
  a. Which is the crop?
  b. What are the geographical conditions for its cultivation?
  c. Name the states leading in its production.
  Answer:
  a. Wheat

b. Temperature: 10°C to 26°C

• Annual rainfall: 75 cm
• Well drained alluvial soil is ideal.

c. The leading producers of wheat in India are Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.

Non metallic minerals and their uses
Non-metallic minerals	Features / uses
Limestone	Used as raw material for iron and steel, chemical, paper and glass industries
Mica	As insulator in electrical good industry
Gypsum	Chemical fertilizer and cement manufacturing
Goal	As fuel in industries
Petroleum	As fuel in industries and vehicles.

Question 2.
Mark the following geoinformation in the given map.
a. The state which is the leading producer of sugarcane and sugar.
b. The state which is the leading producer of tea in India.
c. The largest centre of cotton textile industry.
d. The steel plant established at Sundargarh in Odisha in collaboration with Germany in 1959.

Answer:
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Assam
c. Mumbai
d. Rourkela Iron and Steel Plant (Hindustan Steel Limited)

Question 3.
What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
Answer:

• India is an agrarian country.
• Three fourth of the people of India depend on agriculture and related occupations for livelihood.
• Agriculture sector is the source of raw materials for many industries.
• It makes the food basket rich.

Question 4.
Write a note on the agricultural seasons of India and the crops cultivated.
Answer:

• India has three agricultural or cropping seasons:
• Kharif season: The sowing period at the beginning of monsoon in June and harvesting period by the end of monsoon in the early days of November. The major crops of this period are rice, maize, cotton, jute, etc.
• Rabi season: The sowing period is by the beginning of winter in mid-November and harvesting period by the beginning of summer in March. The major crops of this period are wheat, tobacco, mustard, etc.
• Zaid season: The period when the cultivation is started by the beginning of summer and harvested by the beginning of monsoon. The major crops are fruits and vegetables.

Question 5.
Compared to road transport, what are the advantages of rail, water and air transport?
Answer:
Each means of transport has its own advantage. Road transport links the rural and urban centres scattered throughout the country. But the other means of transport have certain advantages over road transport.

Rail transport

• Important for cargo as well as passenger transport.
• Plays a decisive role in industrial development.
• Suitable for long distance travel and cargo.

Water transport

• Cheapest means of transport.
• Suitable for large scale cargo transport.
• Does not cause environmental pollution.
• Most ideal for international trade.

Air transport

• Suitable for rugged terrain and in places which cannot be reached by roads and railways.
• Most speedy form of transport.

Question 6.
Which are the raw materials required for iron and steel industries? Are all the major iron and steel industries located where all raw materials are available? Why do you think is the reason for their location in those places?
Answer:
The raw materials required for iron and steel industries are iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone.
The major iron and steel industries of India are located in places where raw materials are available in plenty. The Chotanagpur plateau and the Damodar valley of Peninsular plateau including the states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal are the mineral belts of India.

The coal from Damodar valley, iron ore from Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand, manganese from Odisha, hydroelectricity from Hirakud and Damodar valley projects, thermal power from the thermal power stations of Damodar belt, nearness to Kolkata port, good road and railway network, availability of fresh water and easy availability of human resources are the factors for the location of iron and steel industries in the northeast of Peninsular India. The cost of production can be reduced by setting up industrial units here.

Question 7.
Agro-based industries and mineral-based industries are mainly concentrated in the Great Northern Plains and Peninsular Plateau respectively. Explain.
Answer:
Industries are formed in areas where locational factors are favourable. The agricultural operations in India are mainly done in North Indian plains. Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of sugarcane in India. Naturally, the sugar industries are concentrated in these areas. Jute is produced in West Bengal, Assam and Odisha. As a result, jute industries are located in these areas. Cotton textile industry is the largest agro-based industry in India. It is concentrated in the cotton producing states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, etc.

In India, the minerals are mainly mined from the north east, south east and central parts of “Peninsular plateau. As a result, a large number of mineral based industries are concentrated here. The major minerals mined from here are iron ore, manganese, coal, limestone, bauxite, copper and mica. Mineral based industries are concentrated in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Andhra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Question 8.
Answer the questions based on the network of roads in India.
a. Which category of road is the most in India? Who constructs and maintains these roads?
b. Which category of roads links state capitals. and major cities? Who is responsible for the construction and management of these roads?
c. Which are the places linked by State Highways?
Answer:
a. Morethan 80% of the roads in India are village roads. The construction and mainte¬nance of these roads are done by the local self-government.

b. National Highways link the state capitals and major cities. The Union Ministry is responsible for the construction and management of these roads.

c. State Highways connect the state capitals with the district headquarters.

Question 9.
In which states and coastal plains are the following ports situated?
a. Paradweep
b. Mangalore
c. Tuticorin
d. Kandla
Answer:

Port	State	Costal plain
Paradweep	Odisha	North Sircar coast
Mangalore	Karnataka	Konkan coast
Tuticorin	Tamil Nadu	Coromandal coast
Kandla	Gujarat	Gujarat coast

Question 10.
Which is the largest mineral based industry in India? Write the features of this industry using the hints given.
Hints:
Raw materials
Locational factors
Mining possibilities
Answer:

• Iron and steel industry is the largest mineral-based industry in India.
• Raw materials: Iron ore, coal, manganese, limestone and dolomite.
• Locational factors: Availability of raw materials, transportation facilities, availability of water, export facilities, availability of labour, cheap availability of power, etc.
• Mining possibilities: Iron is extracted from iron ore. Nearly 20% of the total iron ore reserves in the world is in India. The major mining centres of iron ore in India are :
  Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj – Odisha Singhbhum – Jharkhand Bellary, Chikmagalur – Karnataka
• Manganese: This is a metallic mineral largely used in the iron and steel industry. Odisha, Karnataka and Maharashtra are the leading producers.
• Coal: This is the major source of thermal power in India. West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha are the major producing states.

Question 11.
Hints about two agricultural crops of India are given. Identify the crops and write the geographical conditions for their cultivation.
A. Cultivated in hill slopes with well-drained soil rich in humus content.
B. The raw material for the largest agro-based industry in India.
Answer:

A.Tea:

• 25°C to 30°C of temperature.
• Annual rainfall range of200 to 250 cm.
• Well-drained soil rich in humus content.

B. Cotton:

• 20°C to 30°C of temperature.
• Small amount of annual rainfall.
• Black soil and alluvial soil.

Question 12.
Identify the regions where the following agricultural crops are cultivated. Also write the geographical conditions for their cultivation.
Rubber
Coffee
Answer:
Rubber: Rubber is mainly cultivated in Kerala. Certain parts of Tamil Nadu and the Andaman Nicobar Islands have small scale rubber cultivation. Rubber cultivation requires temperature above 25°C and rainfall of more than 150cm. Laterite soil is suitable.

Coffee: Coffee plantations of India are confined to the Western Ghat ranges of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Two-third of the total production is from Karnataka. Moderate temperature and high rainfall are required for coffee cultivation.

Question 13.
Write the reason for the following.
Rice is cultivated widely in Kerala, but wheat is not cultivated.
Hint: Answer based on geographical requirements.
Answer:
Rice requires high temperature (above 24°C) and a good amount of rainfall (more than 150cm). These conditions favour rice cultivation in Kerala. But wheat is cultivated mainly in temperate regions. It requires 10°C to 26°C temperature and 75cm of rainfall for its cultivation. These conditions are not present in Kerala, which is a tropical region.

Alluvial soil is suitable for rice cultivation. Well drained alluvial soil is ideal for wheat cultivation. Kerala which receives more than 200cm rainfall does not have well drained alluvial soil.
Since the above mentioned geographical factors are not present in Kerala, wheat is not cultivated here.

Question 14.
The iron and steel industries of India are located at places with raw material availability. Explain.
Answer:

Iron and Steel plants	Raw material availability
Tata Iron and Steel Company, Jamshedpur Jharkhand.	Iron ore and manganese deposits of Singhbhum and coal deposits of Jharia in Jharkhand.
Visweswarayya Iron and Steel Ltd., Bhadravathy, Karnataka.	Iron ore and manganese deposits of Bellary, Chikmagalur and Shimoga in Karnataka
Bhilai Steel Plant, Durg, Chattisgarh.	Iron ore and manganese deposits of Durg and coal deposits of Chattisgarh
Rourkela Steel Plant, Sundargarh, Odisha.	Iron ore and manganese deposits of Sudargarh and Mayurbhanj and coal deposits of Odisha.

Question 15.
Indian roads are classified based on the construction and management. Explain.
Answer:
Based on construction and management, roads in India are classified into four;
1. National Highways: The major roads in the country linking the state capitals, major cities and ports. The Union Ministry is responsible for their construction and management.

2. State Highways: The major roads in a state connecting the state capitals with the district headquarters. State governments are responsible for their construction and management.

3. District Roads: Roads linking the district headquarters with the important places within the district. These roads are built and maintained by district panchayaths.

4. Village Roads: Roads which ensure domestic movement within the villages. These roads are constructed and maintained by local self government.

Question 16.
Rice and wheat are the major food crops of India. But the geographical conditions required for their cultivation are different. Write these differences.
Answer:

• Rice requires high temperature of above 24°C and a good amount of rainfall, more than 150cm. But wheat requires 10° to 26°C temperature and 75cm of rainfall.
• Alluvial soil is suitable for both the crops. But wheat requires well drained alluvial soil.
• Rice is a Kharif crop while wheat is rabi crop.
• Rice is a tropical crop while wheat is a temperate crop.

Question 17.
Which ore the nuclear minerals and the state where they are found in India? Which are the nuclear power plants in India?
Answer:
Uranium and thorium are the major nuclear minerals. There are rich reserves of uranium in the states of Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Thorium is produced from limestone and monazite deposits largely found in the coastal sands of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

The nuclear power plants in India:

• Tarapur, Maharashtra.
• Rawatbhata, Rajasthan.
• Kalpakkam and Koodamkulam, Tamil Nadu.
• Kaiga, Karnataka.
• Kakrapaara, Gujarat.
• Narora, Uttar Pradesh.

Question 18.
Non-conventional sources of energy are utilised today in the place of conventional sources of energy. Why?
Answer:

Demerits of conventional sources of energy	Merits of non-conventional sources of energy
Conventional sources of energy like coal and petroleum ore getting exhausted due to their non-renewable nature.	Non-conventional sources like solar energy and wind energy are renewable in nature.
Burning of these minerals creates large scale environment pollution.	These are environment friendly.
Mining and extraction are costly.	These are cheap.

Question 19.
Examine the advantages of water transport in India. Also write the major waterways in India. ,
Answer:
Advantages of water transport:

• The cheapest means of transport.
• Suitable for large scale cargo transport.
• Does not cause environmental pollution.
• Most suited for international trade.
• Waterways in India: Inland water transport and marine transport are the two classifications.

Inland water transport: Water bodies like rivers, lakes and canals are used for inland water transport.

• Inland water transport in India is largely concentrated in,
• Ganga-Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries.
• Godavari-Krishna rivers and their tributaries.
• Buckingham canal of Andhra-Tamil Nadu region.
• Mandovi and Zuvari rivers of Goa.
• Backwaters of Kerala.

National Waterways of India

• NW 1: Allahabad to Haldia in river Ganga (1620 km)
• NW 2: Sadia to Dubri in river Brahmaputra (891 km)
• NW 3: West Coast Canal in Kerala from Kollam to Kottappuram (205 km)
• NW4: Canal from Kakinada to Puducherry linking Godavari-Krishna (1095km)
• NW 5: Brahmani – Mahanadi delta river system linked to east-coast canal (623 km)

Marine transport: There are about 12 major and 185 minor ports situated in the west and east coasts of India. These ports have great significance in international trade.

Question 20.
Write the relevance of inland water transport in India.
Answer:

• In India, water bodies like rivers, lakes and canals are used for inland water transport.
• Inland water transport is used for passenger and cargo transport.
• Suitable for fishing.
• Utilized for tourism.

Answer the following. Score 5/6 each

Question 1.
Which are the major food crops of India? Write the climatic conditions for their cultivation. Name the states leading in their production also.
Answer:
The crops which can be directly consumed as food are food crops.

Question 2.
Prepare a note Of any three cash crops cultivated in India, the geographical conditions for their cultivation and the states
leading in ‘heir cultivation.
Answer:
Cash crops are those having industrial and commercial significance. These are the raw- materials for agro based industries. Cotton, jute and sugarcane are the major cash crops.

Sugarcane: Sugarcane, a tropical crop, requires hot and humid climate, requires hot and humid climate.
Alluvial soil and black soil are suitable. The leading sugarcane producing state is Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Sugar and jaggery are produced from sugarcane.

Cotton: Cotton is a fibre crop. Cotton requires frost-free growing season, 20°C to 30°C temperature and small amount of rainfall.
Black soil and alluvial soil are suitable. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the leading producers. Cotton is the raw material for cotton textile industry.

Jute: Jute is also a fibre crop. Hot and humid conditions are ideal for its cultivation. High temperature and rainfall above 150 cm are essential. Well drained alluvial soil is required. The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region of West . Bengal is the major jute producing region.

Question 3.
By analysing the various means of transportation, prepare a seminar on the topic ‘ ‘Influence of transportation on the life of the people of India. ’
Answer:
Seminar
Topic: ‘Influence of transportation on the life of the people of India.’
Transport routes are considered as the lifeline of a nation. They connect different comers of the country and bring people together. Efficient mode of transport is essential for ensuring the infrastructure in the areas of production and to bring the products to the consumers.The role played by transportation routes in the process of urbanization, in addition to industrialisation is decisive.

Transportation helped in linking rural and urban areas and expediting the process of urbanization. Modes of transport are selected in accordance with the physical characteristics of each region. The various means of transportation in India are discussed below.

Road transport: Road transport is the most important means to link the rural and urban centres scattered throughout the country. India is one of the countries of the world with a broad network of roads. The influence of topography is decisive in the building and development of roads. Road networks are mainly found in the Northern Plains, the coastal plains and in the Deccan Plateau. But road network is comparatively less in the Himalay an region and in the North-Eastern states. In India roads are classified based on the construction and management.

• National Highways: The major roads in the country that link state capitals, major cities and ports. Construction and management of these roads are done by the Union Ministry.
• State Highways: They are the major roads in a state and link state capitals with district headquarters. The construction and maintenance are done by the State Governments.
• District Roads: These link district headquarters with important places within a district. The construction and maintenance are done by District Panchayats.
• Rural Roads: Village roads ensure domestic movement. These are constructed and maintained by local self government.

Golden Quadrangle Super Highway is the six lane superhighways, connecting the metropolitan, cities of Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. The National Highway Authority oflndia is responsible for such roads.

Railways: India has the largest network of railways in Asia. It is the suitable means of transport for both the passenger and heavy’ cargo transport. Railway network is seen more in Great Plains, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. For administrative convenience, the Indian Railway is divided into 16 zones. Metro rail projects are being established in cities

Water transport: The cost of construction and maintenance of water transport routes is less compared to that of road and railway networks. Moreover, this does not cause environmental pollution. It is suitable for large scale cargo transport. Rivers, canals and long coastline increase the possibility of water transport in India. Water transport is divided into marine transport and inland water-transport. Transportation through the rivers and lakes inside the land is known as inland water transport.

India’s inland water transport is concentrated in the river Ganga, Brahmaputra and in their tributaries, river Godavari-Krishna and in tributaries, in Buckingham canals of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, river Mandovi and river Suvari in Goa and in the backwaters of Kerala. India has a long coastline. The west and east coasts of India have immense potential for marine transport. The 12 major ports and 185 minor ports on the east and west coasts of India play a decisive role in international trade and in the country’s economy.

Airways: Airways are the most speedy and the most expensive mode of transportation. In rug¬ged terrain and in places which cannot be reached by roads and railways, airways are the only means of transportation. The air traffic in India is under the control of the Airport Authority of India. There are 126 airports including 11 international airports under this establishment. The international services are handled by Air India and domestic flights by Indian Airlines. A number of private companies also operate flight service. Means of transport thus play a decisive role in the economic progress, cultural unity and national integration.

Question 4.
Give an account of the iron and steel industries in India.
Answer:
The following are the iron and steel industries in India.
i. Tata Iron and Steel Company(TISCO) :
if was established in 1907 at Jamshedpur by Jamshedji Tata. This is the largest private-sector iron and steel plant. It is in the state of Jharkhand.

ii. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited (VISL): This plant was set up in 1923 at Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Karnataka. It is the first iron and steel plant in South India.

iii. Bhilai steel plant: It is in Durg in Chhattisgarh state. It was established in collaboration with Russia in 1959. This plant mainly produces railway sleepers and beams.

iv. Durgapur steel plant: It is in Durgapur in Burdwan district of West Bengal. It was established in collaboration with Britain in 1962.

v. Rourkela steel plant: It is at Rourkela in the Sundergarh distriót of Odisha. It was established in collaboration with Germany in
1959.